{"id":20,"date":"2013-06-26T13:25:00","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T12:25:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.hslracing.com\/3dprinters\/2013\/06\/26\/binary-clock\/"},"modified":"2023-08-18T12:10:13","modified_gmt":"2023-08-18T11:10:13","slug":"binary-clock","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.hslracing.com\/electronics\/2013\/06\/binary-clock.html","title":{"rendered":"Binary Clock"},"content":{"rendered":"

For a while now I have wanted to build a binary clock<\/a>, simply because they are cool, but not wanted to pay the price of some of the shop bought items.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

I decided that I would not use the classic binary coded decimal<\/a>, but instead use binary coded sexagesimal<\/a>, as it makes use of fewer LEDs and makes it even more difficult to read for those not used to binary.<\/p>\n

I also decided I wanted to make use of charlieplexing<\/a>\u00a0so as to make best use of the pins available on a given microcontroller.<\/p>\n

First I mocked up a suitable circuit on a breadboard using an ATMega168 and half a dozen LEDs and was trying out the Arduino charlieplex library<\/a>, the coding looked to be simple enough, I could make it compile, but could not actually make it light any of the LEDs.<\/p>\n

I eventually gave up with this library and went with direct control of the pins with the\u00a0pinMode()<\/a>\u00a0and digitalWrite()<\/a> functions.<\/p>\n

I was originally going to use a real time clock<\/a>\u00a0DS1037<\/a> chip connected via I2C<\/a>, but then read about using the tone()<\/a>\u00a0function and the liked possibility of using that as an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) trigger.<\/p>\n

I played around with the code and eventually managed to cobble something together that seemed to work, it has the option of providing serial output when in debug mode – this is so I could check that the maths\/shift parts were all doing what they were supposed to, that code can all be removed once I confirm it all works correctly and I re-compile it for an ATTiny44.<\/p>\n

I only have enough space on my breadboard, without giving myself serious headaches, to wire up the 6 seconds LEDs via 3 inputs, but if that works then the theory is sound and it can be expanded out for all 15 LEDs on 5 inputs.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

The schematic shows how the 15\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span>charlieplexed<\/a>\u00a0LEDs connect to the 5 pins of the ATTiny44.
\nI have also drawn up a simple perf board layout for the clock using DIY Layout Creator<\/a>, which is a little limited with regards components, but is much easier to master than say Eagle<\/a>, and for the quantity\/density of LEDs I am using, much clearer than Fritzing<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

The code below works for the seconds, with an ATMega168 on my breadboard. The “clock” array needs expanding to include the LEDs for hours and minutes, at which point the “showtime” lines for minutes and hours can be uncommented.<\/p>\n

There are 2 buttons in the design and I have chosen to use the Arduino Bounce Library<\/a> to debounce<\/a> the button presses, the buttons are intended to be used in the same way as on simple digital watches – both buttons to enter\/leave setup mode, then one cycles through hours, minutes, seconds, the other increments the current value.<\/p>\n

#include <Bounce.h> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ include debounce functions<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span>#define TONEPIN 4 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ digital pin 4 (pd4) used as tone output<\/span>
\n#define BUTTON1 5 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ digital pin 5 (pd5) used to set clock<\/span>
\n#define BUTTON2 6 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ digital pin 6 (pd6) used to set clock<\/span>
\n\/\/#define DEBUG 1 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ set debug mode<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span>\/\/ Initialise variables<\/span>
\nint DELAY_TIME = 1000;<\/span>
\nint masterClock = 0;<\/span>
\nint seconds = 0;<\/span>
\nint minutes = 0;<\/span>
\nint hours = 0;<\/span>
\nint hms = 0;<\/span>
\nboolean sw1 = false;<\/span>
\nboolean sw2 = false;<\/span>
\nboolean both = false;<\/span>
\nboolean sw1on = false;<\/span>
\nboolean sw2on = false;<\/span>
\nboolean sw1off = false;<\/span>
\nboolean sw2off = false;<\/span>
\nconst int nPins = 3;<\/span>
\nconst int pins[] = {9, 10, 11};<\/span>
\nconst int clock[6][2] = { {10,11}, {11,10}, {9, 10}, {10, 9}, {9, 11}, {11, 9} };<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span>Bounce button1 = Bounce(BUTTON1, 5); \u00a0\/\/ set 5ms debounce for BUTTON1<\/span>
\nBounce button2 = Bounce(BUTTON2, 5); \u00a0\/\/ set 5ms debounce for BUTTON2<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span>void setup() {<\/span>
\n\u00a0 Serial.begin(9600);<\/span>
\n\u00a0 attachInterrupt(1, tick, RISING); \u00a0 \/\/ call ISR on rising input to INT1 (digital pin 3)<\/span>
\n\u00a0 pinMode(TONEPIN, OUTPUT); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ setup tonepin for output<\/span>
\n\u00a0 tone(TONEPIN, 8000); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ generate 8000Hz tone on digital pin 4 to act as clock input for ISR<\/span>
\n\u00a0 pinMode(BUTTON1, INPUT); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ setup button1 for input<\/span>
\n\u00a0 pinMode(BUTTON2, INPUT); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ setup button2 for input<\/span>
\n}<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span>\/\/ Interrupt Service Routine to generate 1 second “tick”<\/span>
\nvoid tick() {<\/span>
\n\u00a0 masterClock++; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ increment clock counter<\/span>
\n\u00a0 if (masterClock == 16000) { \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ 8000 reached<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 seconds++; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ increment seconds<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 masterClock = 0; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ reset masterClock<\/span>
\n\u00a0 }<\/span>
\n}<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span>\/\/ Turn on an LED<\/span>
\nvoid turnon(int led) {<\/span>
\n\u00a0 int Vcc = clock[led][0]; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ set positive pin<\/span>
\n\u00a0 int Gnd = clock[led][1]; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ set ground pin<\/span>
\n\u00a0 pinMode(Vcc, OUTPUT); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ set positive pin for OUTPUT<\/span>
\n\u00a0 pinMode(Gnd, OUTPUT); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ set ground pin for OUTPUT<\/span>
\n\u00a0 digitalWrite(Vcc, HIGH); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ Turn on LED<\/span>
\n\u00a0 digitalWrite(Gnd, LOW); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ Turn off ground pin<\/span>
\n}<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span>\/\/ Turn off all LEDs<\/span>
\nvoid alloff() {<\/span>
\n\u00a0 for (int i = 0; i < nPins; i++) {<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 digitalWrite(pins[i], LOW); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ turn off all LEDs<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 pinMode(pins[i], INPUT); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ set all pins to INPUT<\/span>
\n\u00a0 }<\/span>
\n}<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span>void showtime(int Value, int Width, int Offset) {<\/span>
\n\u00a0 int mask;<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 for (int i = 0; i < Width; i++) {<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 mask = 1 << i; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ shift bit mask by current position<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 if (HIGH && (Value & mask)) { \u00a0 \/\/ check if LED should be lit<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 turnon(Offset + i); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ turn on the LED<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 alloff(); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ turn off all LEDs<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 }<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span>#ifdef DEBUG \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ debug output<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Serial.print(“Mask: “);<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Serial.print(mask, BIN);<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Serial.print(” On or Off: “);<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Serial.print(HIGH && (Value & mask), BIN);<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Serial.print(” LED: “);<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Serial.print(Offset + i, DEC);<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Serial.println(“”);<\/span>
\n#endif<\/span>
\n\u00a0 }<\/span>
\n}<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span>void loop() {<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \/\/ Check if buttons have been pressed \u00a0<\/span>
\n\u00a0 button1.update(); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ update button1<\/span>
\n\u00a0 button2.update(); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ update button2<\/span>
\n\u00a0 sw1on = button1.risingEdge(); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ button 1 pressed<\/span>
\n\u00a0 sw1off = button1.fallingEdge(); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ button 2 pressed<\/span>
\n\u00a0 sw2on = button2.risingEdge(); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ button 1 released<\/span>
\n\u00a0 sw2off = button2.fallingEdge(); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ button 2 released<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \/\/ toggle stup option: hours(1), minutes(2) or seconds(3)<\/span>
\n\u00a0 if ((hms != 0) && sw1on) sw1 = true; \/\/ button1 pressed<\/span>
\n\u00a0 if ((hms != 0) && sw1off && sw1) { \u00a0 \/\/ button1 released<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 sw1 = false; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ reset button 1 state<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 hms++; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ toggle hours\/minutes\/seconds<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 if (hms = 4) hms = 1; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ reset back to hours if hms goes beyond seconds<\/span>
\n\u00a0 }<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \/\/ set hours(1), minutes(2) or seconds(3)<\/span>
\n\u00a0 if ((hms != 0) && sw2on) sw2=true; \u00a0 \/\/ button2 pressed<\/span>
\n\u00a0 if ((hms != 0) && sw2off && sw2) { \u00a0 \/\/ button2 released<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 if (hms = 1) {<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 hours++; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ increment hours<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 if (hours = 60) hours = 0; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ reset houts to 0 if we reach 60<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 }<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 if (hms = 2) {<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 minutes++; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ increment minutes<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 if (minutes = 60) minutes = 0; \u00a0 \/\/ reset minutes to 0 if we reach 60<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 }<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 if (hms = 3) seconds = 0; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ set seconds to 0<\/span>
\n\u00a0 }<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \/\/ toggle setup states if both buttons are pressed and then released together<\/span>
\n\u00a0 if (sw1on && sw2on) both = true; \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ both buttons pressed<\/span>
\n\u00a0 if (sw1off && sw2off && both) { \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ both buttons released<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 both = false; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ reset dual button status<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 if (hms == 0) hms=1; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ toggle hours\/mins\/sec to hours if entering setup mode<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 else hms = 0; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ toggle hours\/minutes\/secs to off if leaving setup mode<\/span>
\n\u00a0 }<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \/\/ Adjust the time based on seconds passed<\/span>
\n\u00a0 if (seconds == 60) {<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 minutes++; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ increment minutes when seconds resch 60<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 if (minutes == 60) {<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 hours++; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ increment hours when minutes reach 60<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 if (hours == 24) {<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 hours = 0; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ reset hours<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 }<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 minutes = 0; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ reset minutes<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 }<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 seconds = 0; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ reset seconds<\/span>
\n\u00a0 }<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>
\n\u00a0 showtime(seconds, 6, 0); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ Display seconds (LEDs 0-5)<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \/\/showtime(minutes, 6, 6); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ Display minutes (LEDs 6-11)<\/span>
\n\u00a0 \/\/showtime(hours, 5, 12); \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\/ Display hours (LEDs 12-16)<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span>#ifdef DEBUG \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\/ Debug output<\/span>
\n\u00a0 Serial.print(“Hours: “);<\/span>
\n\u00a0 Serial.print(hours, DEC);<\/span>
\n\u00a0 Serial.print(” Minutes: “);<\/span>
\n\u00a0 Serial.print(minutes, DEC);<\/span>
\n\u00a0 Serial.print(” Seconds: “);<\/span>
\n\u00a0 Serial.print(seconds, DEC);<\/span>
\n\u00a0 Serial.println(“”);<\/span>
\n#endif<\/span>
\n}<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

For a while now I have wanted to build a binary clock, simply because they are cool, but not wanted to pay the price of some of the shop bought items. I decided that I would not use the classic binary coded decimal, but instead use binary coded sexagesimal, as it makes use of fewer…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":121,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-20","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorised","tag-binary-clock"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hslracing.com\/electronics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hslracing.com\/electronics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hslracing.com\/electronics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hslracing.com\/electronics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hslracing.com\/electronics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hslracing.com\/electronics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":166,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hslracing.com\/electronics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20\/revisions\/166"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hslracing.com\/electronics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/121"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hslracing.com\/electronics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hslracing.com\/electronics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hslracing.com\/electronics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}